This paper examines how businesses respond to trade wars and supply chain disruption, drawing on rich historical evidence from the 1921–1923 trade war between Norway and Portugal. Using a history-to-theory approach, the authors show how business associations and firms contributed to the recoupling of international supply chains after trade disruption. The study also develops a new typology of trade wars, highlighting the importance of coordination and economic reach in shaping business responses and long-term competitiveness.
Authors & affiliations:
- Rolv Petter Amdam (BI Norwegian Business School)
- Teresa da Silva Lopes (University of York)
- Trudi Henrydotter Eikrem (Volda University College)
- Maria Eugenia Mata (Universidade Nova de Lisboa)
