This paper examines how women’s economic empowerment can be advanced in culturally traditional, non-Western contexts through collective and multi-level action. Drawing on an in-depth qualitative study of Kuwait’s first women’s business incubator, the authors develop a process model of scaffolding social-symbolic work. The study shows how coordinated efforts across selves, organizations, and institutions can dismantle entrenched barriers and support women’s entrepreneurship under challenging conditions.
Authors & affiliations:
- Mohsen Abumuamar (University of Birmingham)
- Juliane Reinecke (University of Oxford)
